Getting Started with Using Python for ScalarDB Cluster

This document explains how to write gRPC client code for ScalarDB Cluster by using Python.

Prerequisites

• Python 3.7 or later
• ScalarDB Cluster running on a Kubernetes cluster
  • We assume that you have a ScalarDB Cluster running on a Kubernetes cluster that you deployed by following the instructions in Set Up ScalarDB Cluster on Kubernetes by Using a Helm Chart.

警告

You need to have a license key (trial license or commercial license) to use ScalarDB Cluster. If you don't have a license key, please contact us.

Sample application

This tutorial illustrates the process of creating an electronic money application, where money can be transferred between accounts.

Step 1. Create schema.json

The following is a simple example schema.

Create schema.json, and add the following to the file:

{
  "emoney.account": {
    "transaction": true,
    "partition-key": [
      "id"
    ],
    "clustering-key": [],
    "columns": {
      "id": "TEXT",
      "balance": "INT"
    }
  }
}

Step 2. Create database.properties

You need to create database.properties for the Schema Loader for ScalarDB Cluster. But first, you need to get the EXTERNAL-IP address of the service resource of the LoadBalancer service (scalardb-cluster-envoy).

To see the EXTERNAL-IP address, run the following command:

kubectl get svc scalardb-cluster-envoy
NAME                     TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)           AGE
scalardb-cluster-envoy   LoadBalancer   10.105.121.51   localhost     60053:30641/TCP   16h

In this case, the EXTERNAL-IP address is localhost.

Then, create database.properties, and add the following to the file:

scalar.db.transaction_manager=cluster
scalar.db.contact_points=indirect:localhost

To connect to ScalarDB Cluster, you need to specify cluster for the scalar.db.transaction_manager property. In addition, you will use the indirect client mode and connect to the service resource of Envoy in this tutorial. For details about the client modes, see Developer Guide for ScalarDB Cluster with the Java API.

Step 3. Load a schema

To load a schema via ScalarDB Cluster, you need to use the dedicated Schema Loader for ScalarDB Cluster (Schema Loader for Cluster). Using the Schema Loader for Cluster is basically the same as using the Schema Loader for ScalarDB except the name of the JAR file is different. You can download the Schema Loader for Cluster from ScalarDB Releases. After downloading the JAR file, you can run the Schema Loader for Cluster with the following command:

java -jar scalardb-cluster-schema-loader-3.12.4-all.jar --config database.properties -f schema.json --coordinator

Step 4. Set up a Python environment

You can choose any way you like to manage your Python environment. For the purpose of this guide, we assume that your Python application is running in an environment by using venv.

Create a working directory anywhere, and go there. Then, run the following command to activate venv by running the following command:

python3 -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate

Let's install the gRPC packages with the pip command:

pip install grpcio grpcio-tools

Step 5. Generate the stub code for ScalarDB Cluster gRPC

To communicate with the gRPC server for ScalarDB Cluster, you will need to generate the stub code from the proto file.

First, download the scalardb-cluster.proto file, then save it in the working directory. For ScalarDB Cluster users who have a commercial license, please contact us if you need the scalardb-cluster.proto file.

You can generate the stub code by running the following command:

python -m grpc_tools.protoc -I . --python_out=. --pyi_out=. --grpc_python_out=. scalardb-cluster.proto

The following files will be generated:

• scalardb_cluster_pb2.py
• scalardb_cluster_pb2.pyi
• scalardb_cluster_pb2_grpc.py

Step 6. Write a sample application

The following is the sample Python application (electronic_money.py) that uses the stub code. This program does the same thing as the ElectronicMoney.java program in Getting Started with ScalarDB. Note that you have to update the value of SERVER_ADDRESS based on the EXTERNAL-IP value of the ScalarDB Cluster LoadBalancer service in your environment.

import argparse
from typing import Optional

import grpc

import scalardb_cluster_pb2_grpc
from scalardb_cluster_pb2 import (
    BeginRequest,
    BeginResponse,
    Column,
    CommitRequest,
    Get,
    GetRequest,
    GetResponse,
    Key,
    Put,
    PutRequest,
    RequestHeader,
    RollbackRequest,
)

SERVER_ADDRESS = "localhost:60053"
NAMESPACE = "emoney"
TABLENAME = "account"
ID = "id"
BALANCE = "balance"

request_header = RequestHeader(hop_limit=10)


def charge(id: str, amount: int) -> None:
    with grpc.insecure_channel(SERVER_ADDRESS) as channel:
        stub = scalardb_cluster_pb2_grpc.DistributedTransactionStub(channel)

        begin_response: BeginResponse = stub.Begin(
            BeginRequest(request_header=request_header)
        )

        transaction_id = begin_response.transaction_id

        try:
            pkey = Key(
                columns=[
                    Column(
                        name=ID,
                        text_value=Column.TextValue(value=id),
                    )
                ]
            )

            # Retrieve the current balance for id
            get = Get(
                namespace_name=NAMESPACE,
                table_name=TABLENAME,
                get_type=Get.GetType.GET_TYPE_GET,
                partition_key=pkey,
            )
            get_response: GetResponse = stub.Get(
                GetRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                    get=get,
                )
            )

            # Calculate the balance
            balance = amount
            if get_response.result.columns:
                balance_column = next(
                    c for c in get_response.result.columns if c.name == BALANCE
                )
                current = balance_column.int_value.value
                balance += current

            # Update the balance
            put = Put(
                namespace_name=NAMESPACE,
                table_name=TABLENAME,
                partition_key=pkey,
                columns=[
                    Column(name=BALANCE, int_value=Column.IntValue(value=balance))
                ],
            )
            stub.Put(
                PutRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                    puts=[put],
                )
            )

            # Commit the transaction
            stub.Commit(
                CommitRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                )
            )
        except Exception as e:
            # Rollback the transaction
            stub.Rollback(
                RollbackRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                )
            )
            raise e


def pay(from_id: str, to_id: str, amount: int) -> None:
    with grpc.insecure_channel(SERVER_ADDRESS) as channel:
        stub = scalardb_cluster_pb2_grpc.DistributedTransactionStub(channel)

        begin_response: BeginResponse = stub.Begin(
            BeginRequest(request_header=request_header)
        )

        transaction_id = begin_response.transaction_id

        try:
            from_pkey = Key(
                columns=[
                    Column(
                        name=ID,
                        text_value=Column.TextValue(value=from_id),
                    )
                ]
            )
            to_pkey = Key(
                columns=[
                    Column(
                        name=ID,
                        text_value=Column.TextValue(value=to_id),
                    )
                ]
            )

            # Retrieve the current balances for ids
            from_get = Get(
                namespace_name=NAMESPACE,
                table_name=TABLENAME,
                get_type=Get.GetType.GET_TYPE_GET,
                partition_key=from_pkey,
            )
            from_get_response: GetResponse = stub.Get(
                GetRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                    get=from_get,
                )
            )
            to_get = Get(
                namespace_name=NAMESPACE,
                table_name=TABLENAME,
                get_type=Get.GetType.GET_TYPE_GET,
                partition_key=to_pkey,
            )
            to_get_response: GetResponse = stub.Get(
                GetRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                    get=to_get,
                )
            )

            # Calculate the balances (it assumes that both accounts exist)
            new_from_balance = (
                next(
                    c for c in from_get_response.result.columns if c.name == BALANCE
                ).int_value.value
                - amount
            )
            new_to_balance = (
                next(
                    c for c in to_get_response.result.columns if c.name == BALANCE
                ).int_value.value
                + amount
            )

            if new_from_balance < 0:
                raise RuntimeError(from_id + " doesn't have enough balance.")

            # Update the balances
            from_put = Put(
                namespace_name=NAMESPACE,
                table_name=TABLENAME,
                partition_key=from_pkey,
                columns=[
                    Column(
                        name=BALANCE, int_value=Column.IntValue(value=new_from_balance)
                    )
                ],
            )
            to_put = Put(
                namespace_name=NAMESPACE,
                table_name=TABLENAME,
                partition_key=to_pkey,
                columns=[
                    Column(
                        name=BALANCE, int_value=Column.IntValue(value=new_to_balance)
                    )
                ],
            )
            stub.Put(
                PutRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                    puts=[from_put, to_put],
                )
            )

            # Commit the transaction (records are automatically recovered in case of failure)
            stub.Commit(
                CommitRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                )
            )
        except Exception as e:
            # Rollback the transaction
            stub.Rollback(
                RollbackRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                )
            )
            raise e


def get_balance(id: str) -> Optional[int]:
    with grpc.insecure_channel(SERVER_ADDRESS) as channel:
        stub = scalardb_cluster_pb2_grpc.DistributedTransactionStub(channel)

        begin_response: BeginResponse = stub.Begin(
            BeginRequest(request_header=request_header)
        )

        transaction_id = begin_response.transaction_id

        try:
            # Retrieve the current balance for id
            get = Get(
                namespace_name=NAMESPACE,
                table_name=TABLENAME,
                get_type=Get.GetType.GET_TYPE_GET,
                partition_key=Key(
                    columns=[
                        Column(
                            name=ID,
                            text_value=Column.TextValue(value=id),
                        )
                    ]
                ),
            )
            get_response: GetResponse = stub.Get(
                GetRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                    get=get,
                )
            )

            balance = None
            if get_response.result.columns:
                balance_column = next(
                    c for c in get_response.result.columns if c.name == BALANCE
                )
                balance = balance_column.int_value.value

            # Commit the transaction
            stub.Commit(
                CommitRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                )
            )

            return balance

        except Exception as e:
            # Rollback the transaction
            stub.Rollback(
                RollbackRequest(
                    request_header=request_header,
                    transaction_id=transaction_id,
                )
            )
            raise e


if __name__ == "__main__":
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(required=True)

    parser_charge = subparsers.add_parser("charge")
    parser_charge.add_argument("-amount", type=int, required=True)
    parser_charge.add_argument("-to", type=str, required=True, dest="to_id")
    parser_charge.set_defaults(func=lambda args: charge(args.to_id, args.amount))

    parser_pay = subparsers.add_parser("pay")
    parser_pay.add_argument("-amount", type=int, required=True)
    parser_pay.add_argument("-from", type=str, required=True, dest="from_id")
    parser_pay.add_argument("-to", type=str, required=True, dest="to_id")
    parser_pay.set_defaults(
        func=lambda args: pay(args.from_id, args.to_id, args.amount)
    )

    parser_get_balance = subparsers.add_parser("get-balance")
    parser_get_balance.add_argument("-id", type=str, required=True)
    parser_get_balance.set_defaults(func=lambda args: print(get_balance(args.id)))

    args = parser.parse_args()
    args.func(args)

You can then run the program as follows:

• Charge 1000 to user1:

  python electronic_money.py charge -amount 1000 -to user1

• Charge 0 to merchant1 (Just create an account for merchant1):

  python electronic_money.py charge -amount 0 -to merchant1

• Pay 100 from user1 to merchant1:

  python electronic_money.py pay -amount 100 -from user1 -to merchant1

• Get the balance of user1:

  python electronic_money.py get-balance -id user1

• Get the balance of merchant1:

  python electronic_money.py get-balance -id merchant1

See also

For other ScalarDB Cluster tutorials, see the following:

• Getting Started with ScalarDB Cluster
• Getting Started with ScalarDB Cluster GraphQL
• Getting Started with ScalarDB Cluster SQL via JDBC
• Getting Started with ScalarDB Cluster SQL via Spring Data JDBC for ScalarDB
• Getting Started with Using Go for ScalarDB Cluster

For details about developing applications that use ScalarDB Cluster with the Java API, refer to the following:

• Developer Guide for ScalarDB Cluster with the Java API

For details about the ScalarDB Cluster gRPC API, refer to the following:

• ScalarDB Cluster gRPC API Guide
• ScalarDB Cluster SQL gRPC API Guide